Topologie (pyna.topo)

Das Paket pyna.topo stellt Algorithmen zur Analyse der topologischen Struktur von Poincaré-Karten bereit: magnetische Inseln, X/O-Zyklen, stabile und instabile Mannigfaltigkeiten sowie heterokline Verflechtungen.

Das zentrale Design ist eine zweischichtige Hierarchie:

pyna.topo.core

endlichdimensionale, domänenunabhängige Geometrie: Trajectory, Orbit, PeriodicOrbit, Cycle, Island, IslandChain, Tube und TubeChain.

pyna.topo.toroidal

Spezialisierungen für magnetische Einschließung, die R/Z/phi, Windungszahlen, Monodromy-Nutzdaten, cyna-gestützte Schnitte und toroidale Diagnostik hinzufügen.

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Poincaré-Karten

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Geometrieobjekt-Hierarchie

pyna.topo._base – Base classes for topology / geometry objects.

Extracted to a separate module to avoid circular imports between island_chain.py and invariant.py.

Hierarchy

GeometricObject — root ABC for sampled or exact geometric objects

InvariantSet — root ABC for mathematically invariant objects

InvariantManifold — invariant set with a well-defined intrinsic dimension

Trajectory — sampled continuous curve (not assumed invariant) Orbit — periodic orbit of a discrete map (invariant)

SectionCuttable — mixin protocol for objects that can be sliced by a

Poincaré section

Design principle

Finite sampled geometry should not automatically be promoted to an invariant object. In particular, a numerically traced open trajectory is useful geometry, but it is not an InvariantSet merely because it came from a flow integration. Established periodic objects such as Cycle and PeriodicOrbit remain in the invariant hierarchy.

InvariantObject remains available as a backward-compatible alias that points to InvariantSet so that existing subclass declarations keep working.

class pyna.topo._base.GeometricObject

Bases: ABC

Abstract base for sampled or exact geometric/topological objects.

This is intentionally broader than InvariantSet: it covers both mathematically invariant objects and finite numerical representations such as sampled trajectories.

property ambient_dim: int | None

Dimension of the ambient phase space (None if unknown).

diagnostics()

Return a structured diagnostic / debug dict.

Return type:

Dict[str, Any]

property label: str | None

Human-readable identifier. Override in subclasses.

class pyna.topo._base.InvariantManifold

Bases: InvariantSet

An invariant set with a well-defined intrinsic dimension.

InvariantManifold sits between the abstract InvariantSet and the concrete geometry types (FixedPoint, PeriodicOrbit, InvariantTorus, StableManifold, …).

The key additional concept is intrinsic dimension:

• FixedPoint → intrinsic_dim = 0

• Orbit / PeriodicOrbit → intrinsic_dim = 0 (finite set of map points)

• Trajectory / Cycle → intrinsic_dim = 1 (continuous curve)

• InvariantTorus of order k → intrinsic_dim = k

• StableManifold of a hyperbolic orbit → intrinsic_dim = dim(E^s)

The codimension is ambient_dim - intrinsic_dim when ambient_dim is known.

Subclasses must set intrinsic_dim (as a class attribute, __init__ argument, or @property). The default is None (unknown).

property codim: int | None

Codimension = ambient_dim − intrinsic_dim (None if either is unknown).

property intrinsic_dim: int | None

Intrinsic dimension of the invariant manifold (None if unknown).

pyna.topo._base.InvariantObject

Backward-compatible alias. Prefer InvariantSet in new code.

class pyna.topo._base.InvariantSet

Bases: GeometricObject

Abstract base for any invariant geometric object of a dynamical system.

An invariant set S satisfies φ^t(S) ⊆ S for all t (continuous flow) or P(S) = S (discrete map).

Design: Pure interface — no __init__, no state fields. Concrete subclasses (including dataclasses) provide their own fields and satisfy the interface via @property overrides.

section_cut and diagnostics are no longer abstract. Not every invariant set can be meaningfully cut by a section (e.g. a KAM torus in a 6N-dim N-body phase space may have no natural Poincaré section). Use the SectionCuttable mixin to mark objects that can be sectioned.

Optional interface (all have sensible defaults):

.label @property -> str | None .ambient_dim @property -> int | None .poincare_map @property -> PoincareMap | None .phase_space @property -> PhaseSpace | None .diagnostics() -> dict .section_cut(s) -> list (raises NotImplementedError by default)

diagnostics()

Return a structured diagnostic / debug dict.

The default implementation returns a minimal dict with just the class name. Subclasses are encouraged to override and add domain-specific information.

Return type:

Dict[str, Any]

property phase_space

Phase space of the associated map (PhaseSpace | None).

property poincare_map

The Poincaré map this object lives in (PoincareMap | None).

section_cut(section=None)

Return the intersection of this invariant with a Poincaré section.

Raises NotImplementedError by default. Subclasses that support sectioning should override (and ideally also derive from SectionCuttable).

Return type:

list

class pyna.topo._base.Orbit

Bases: InvariantManifold

A periodic orbit of a discrete map: a finite set of phase-space points.

Mathematically, an m-periodic orbit is a set {x₁, …, xₘ} satisfying P(xₖ) = xₖ₊₁ (indices mod m) and P^m(xₖ) = xₖ for the map P.

An Orbit is fundamentally different from a Trajectory:

• Trajectory — solution of a continuous ODE (a curve, dim=1)

• Orbit — fixed-point set of a discrete map (finite points, dim=0)

Concrete subtype

• PeriodicOrbit — Stores m FixedPoint objects, one per map iteration.

intrinsic_dim = 0 (a finite set of isolated points in the section).

property intrinsic_dim: int

Intrinsic dimension of the invariant manifold (None if unknown).

class pyna.topo._base.SectionCuttable(*args, **kwargs)

Bases: Protocol

Protocol / mixin marking objects that can be sliced by a Poincaré section.

Any class that implements section_cut(section) -> list satisfies this protocol. It is deliberately not a subclass of InvariantSet so that it can be mixed in freely (e.g. class Tube(InvariantSet, SectionCuttable)).

Usage:

if isinstance(obj, SectionCuttable):
    pts = obj.section_cut(my_section)

section_cut(section=None)

Return type:

list

class pyna.topo._base.Trajectory

Bases: GeometricObject

A finite sampled trajectory: a 1-D curve representation in phase space.

A Trajectory is numerical geometry, not a proof of invariance. It may be an open finite-time integration, an approximate trace, or a sampled representation of a genuinely invariant object. Established periodic flow orbits should be represented by Cycle, which may own a Trajectory as one representation.

property intrinsic_dim: int

Geometric curve dimension of the sampled trajectory.

section_cut(section=None)

Return type:

list

pyna.topo.core — Generic finite-dimensional topology objects.

This module is the canonical domain-agnostic core. Nothing here assumes toroidal geometry or uses hard-coded coordinate names such as R/Z/phi.

Class hierarchy

SectionPoint(InvariantManifold, intrinsic_dim=0)

→ toroidal.FixedPoint

PeriodicOrbit(InvariantManifold, intrinsic_dim=0)

→ toroidal.PeriodicOrbit

Cycle(InvariantManifold, intrinsic_dim=1)

→ toroidal.Cycle

Island(InvariantSet)

→ toroidal.Island

IslandChain(InvariantSet)

→ toroidal.IslandChain

Tube(InvariantSet)

→ toroidal.Tube

TubeChain(InvariantSet)

→ toroidal.TubeChain

class pyna.topo.core.Cycle(trajectory=None, period_value=None, return_map_orbit=None, metadata=<factory>)

Bases: InvariantManifold

Periodic orbit of a continuous-time flow in arbitrary finite dimension.

This is the generic root for toroidal.Cycle. The trajectory field is optional — toroidal subclasses may represent the cycle via a sections dict instead.

property ambient_dim: int | None

Dimension of the ambient phase space (None if unknown).

diagnostics()

Return a structured diagnostic / debug dict.

The default implementation returns a minimal dict with just the class name. Subclasses are encouraged to override and add domain-specific information.

Return type:

Dict[str, Any]

property intrinsic_dim: int

Intrinsic dimension of the invariant manifold (None if unknown).

metadata: Dict[str, Any]

period_value: float | None = None

return_map_orbit: PeriodicOrbit | None = None

section_cut(section=None)

Return the intersection of this invariant with a Poincaré section.

Raises NotImplementedError by default. Subclasses that support sectioning should override (and ideally also derive from SectionCuttable).

Return type:

PeriodicOrbit

section_points(section_value=None, section_label=None, tol=1e-09)

Return type:

List[SectionPoint]

trajectory: Trajectory | None = None

class pyna.topo.core.Island(O_orbit=<factory>, X_orbits=<factory>, child_chains=<factory>, parent_chain=None, label=None, metadata=<factory>)

Bases: InvariantManifold

One island of a discrete Poincaré-map resonance structure.

This is the generic root for toroidal.Island.

Fields

O_orbitPeriodicOrbit

Elliptic periodic orbit at the island centre.

X_orbitslist of PeriodicOrbit

Hyperbolic periodic orbit(s) bounding the island (may be empty).

child_chainslist of IslandChain

Sub-chains nested inside this island.

parent_chainIslandChain or None

The IslandChain that contains this island.

O_orbit: PeriodicOrbit

property O_point: SectionPoint | None

X_orbits: List[PeriodicOrbit]

property X_points: List[SectionPoint]

add_child_chain(chain)

Return type:

None

child_chains: List[IslandChain]

diagnostics()

Return a structured diagnostic / debug dict.

The default implementation returns a minimal dict with just the class name. Subclasses are encouraged to override and add domain-specific information.

Return type:

Dict[str, Any]

property intrinsic_dim: int

Intrinsic dimension of the invariant manifold (None if unknown).

label: str | None = None

metadata: Dict[str, Any]

parent_chain: IslandChain | None = None

section_cut(section=None)

Return the intersection of this invariant with a Poincaré section.

Raises NotImplementedError by default. Subclasses that support sectioning should override (and ideally also derive from SectionCuttable).

Return type:

list

step()

Return type:

Island

step_back()

Return type:

Island

class pyna.topo.core.IslandChain(islands=<factory>, period=None, label=None, parent_island=None, metadata=<factory>)

Bases: InvariantManifold

Discrete island chain obtained on a section of a flow or map.

This is the generic root for toroidal.IslandChain.

property O_points: List[SectionPoint]

property X_points: List[SectionPoint]

add_island(island)

Return type:

None

diagnostics()

Return a structured diagnostic / debug dict.

The default implementation returns a minimal dict with just the class name. Subclasses are encouraged to override and add domain-specific information.

Return type:

Dict[str, Any]

property intrinsic_dim: int

Intrinsic dimension of the invariant manifold (None if unknown).

islands: List[Island]

label: str | None = None

metadata: Dict[str, Any]

property n_islands: int

parent_island: Island | None = None

period: int | None = None

section_cut(section=None)

Return the intersection of this invariant with a Poincaré section.

Raises NotImplementedError by default. Subclasses that support sectioning should override (and ideally also derive from SectionCuttable).

Return type:

list

property section_label: str | None

property section_value: float | None

class pyna.topo.core.LinearStabilityData(jacobian, eigenvalues=None, metadata=<factory>)

Bases: GeometricObject

Linearised stability payload for a periodic object or section point.

property classification: Stability

diagnostics()

Return a structured diagnostic / debug dict.

Return type:

Dict[str, Any]

eigenvalues: ndarray | None = None

jacobian: ndarray

metadata: Dict[str, Any]

property stability_index: float

property trace: float

class pyna.topo.core.Orbit(states, steps=None, coordinate_names=None, metadata=<factory>)

Bases: GeometricObject

Finite sampled orbit of a discrete-time map.

property ambient_dim: int

Dimension of the ambient phase space (None if unknown).

coordinate_names: Tuple[str, ...] | None = None

diagnostics()

Return a structured diagnostic / debug dict.

Return type:

Dict[str, Any]

property final: ndarray

Final sampled map state.

metadata: Dict[str, Any]

property n_samples: int

property period_guess: int | None

Return the smallest sampled return to the initial state.

states: ndarray

steps: ndarray | None = None

class pyna.topo.core.PeriodicOrbit(points=<factory>, period=None, stability_data=None, representative_state=None, orbit_trace=None, metadata=<factory>)

Bases: InvariantManifold

Periodic orbit of a discrete map in arbitrary finite dimension.

This is the generic root for toroidal.PeriodicOrbit.

property ambient_dim: int | None

Dimension of the ambient phase space (None if unknown).

diagnostics()

Return a structured diagnostic / debug dict.

The default implementation returns a minimal dict with just the class name. Subclasses are encouraged to override and add domain-specific information.

Return type:

Dict[str, Any]

property intrinsic_dim: int

Intrinsic dimension of the invariant manifold (None if unknown).

metadata: Dict[str, Any]

orbit_trace: Orbit | None = None

period: int | None = None

points: List[SectionPoint]

representative_state: ndarray | None = None

section_cut(section=None)

Return the intersection of this invariant with a Poincaré section.

Raises NotImplementedError by default. Subclasses that support sectioning should override (and ideally also derive from SectionCuttable).

Return type:

PeriodicOrbit

property section_label: str | None

property section_value: float | None

stability_data: LinearStabilityData | None = None

class pyna.topo.core.SectionPoint(state=None, section_value=None, section_label=None, stability_data=None, metadata=<factory>)

Bases: InvariantManifold

A point on a section of a finite-dimensional dynamical system.

This is the generic root for toroidal.FixedPoint. The state field may be None when constructed by a subclass that fills it in __post_init__ (e.g. FixedPoint from R,Z).

property ambient_dim: int | None

Dimension of the ambient phase space (None if unknown).

property coordinate_names: Tuple[str, ...] | None

diagnostics()

Return a structured diagnostic / debug dict.

The default implementation returns a minimal dict with just the class name. Subclasses are encouraged to override and add domain-specific information.

Return type:

Dict[str, Any]

metadata: Dict[str, Any]

section_label: str | None = None

section_value: float | None = None

stability_data: LinearStabilityData | None = None

state: ndarray | None = None

class pyna.topo.core.Stability(*values)

Bases: Enum

ELLIPTIC = 1

HYPERBOLIC = 2

PARABOLIC = 3

UNKNOWN = 4

class pyna.topo.core.Trajectory(states, times, time_name='t', coordinate_names=None, metadata=<factory>)

Bases: GeometricObject

Finite sampled trajectory of a continuous-time system.

property ambient_dim: int

Dimension of the ambient phase space (None if unknown).

component(i)

Return type:

ndarray

coordinate_names: Tuple[str, ...] | None = None

diagnostics()

Return a structured diagnostic / debug dict.

Return type:

Dict[str, Any]

property final: ndarray

Final sampled state.

interpolate_at(t)

Return type:

ndarray

metadata: Dict[str, Any]

property n_samples: int

section_cut(section, *, tol=1e-10)

Return type:

List[SectionPoint]

states: ndarray

property t: ndarray

Alias for times used by ODE/SDE solution objects.

time_name: str = 't'

times: ndarray

property y: ndarray

Alias for states with shape (n_samples, ambient_dim).

class pyna.topo.core.Tube(O_cycle, X_cycles=<factory>, label=None, debug_info=<factory>)

Bases: InvariantManifold

A resonance zone surrounding an elliptic periodic orbit of a continuous flow.

A Tube is the continuous-time analogue of an Island: it consists of the nested family of invariant tori around an elliptic cycle (O_cycle), bounded by hyperbolic cycles (X_cycles).

For MCF field lines, this is a magnetic island tube. For Hamiltonian flows, it is a resonance zone bounded by separatrices.

This is the generic root for toroidal.Tube.

Fields

O_cycleCycle

The elliptic periodic orbit at the core.

X_cycleslist of Cycle

Hyperbolic periodic orbit(s) bounding the resonance zone.

label : str or None

O_cycle: Cycle

X_cycles: List[Cycle]

debug_info: Dict[str, Any]

diagnostics()

Return a structured diagnostic / debug dict.

The default implementation returns a minimal dict with just the class name. Subclasses are encouraged to override and add domain-specific information.

Return type:

Dict[str, Any]

property intrinsic_dim: int

Intrinsic dimension of the invariant manifold (None if unknown).

property is_skeleton_complete: bool

label: str | None = None

section_cut(section)

Cut this Tube with a section → IslandChain.

Return type:

IslandChain

class pyna.topo.core.TubeChain(tubes=<factory>, label=None, debug_info=<factory>)

Bases: InvariantManifold

All Tubes sharing the same resonance in a continuous flow.

This is the generic root for toroidal.TubeChain.

debug_info: Dict[str, Any]

diagnostics()

Return a structured diagnostic / debug dict.

The default implementation returns a minimal dict with just the class name. Subclasses are encouraged to override and add domain-specific information.

Return type:

Dict[str, Any]

property intrinsic_dim: int

Intrinsic dimension of the invariant manifold (None if unknown).

label: str | None = None

property n_tubes: int

section_cut(section)

Cut all Tubes with a section → merged IslandChain.

Return type:

IslandChain

summary()

Return type:

str

tubes: List[Tube]

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Schnitte

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Poincare-Akkumulatoren

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Magnetische Inseln

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Mannigfaltigkeitsberechnung

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Periodische Orbits / Zyklen

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Klassische Abbildungen und Chaosdiagnostik